8. Penal substitution is, at the most, only one model of the atonement in the New Testament, and perhaps not the most significant one. No evangelical of whom I am aware would dissent from the view that there is more than one model or metaphor of the cross in Scripture, even if many would hold on to penal substitution as the most fundamental of all. These criticisms should be borne in mind as we examine the biblical passages chosen for exposition in this book. Many of them are ‘men of straw’, easily